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Presentation of a simple graphical method of retaining all the advantages of a balanced rod string design and still obtaining maximum economy through full utilization of allowed rod stresses.

After selection of the most economical type of prime mover to operate a pumping unit is made, is it not true that we sometimes fall short of our duty to see that equipment we select does the most economical job for us? For the purpose of this paper, let us consider the economic aspects of only electrified leases. The reason for properly supervising a lease are many, and it usually is the small things, as well as the large things, that count. For convenience let us divide the economic problem into three general categories.

Wide varieties of solid chemical sticks, when properly used, can be cost effective and increase production of gas wells. Determination of the right solid chemical stick is crucial for all applications. Analysis of water, oil, and determination of fluid column height, hydrocarbon content, chlorides, and bottom hole pressure and temperature are used to determine the proper formulation of solid chemical sticks. For economic reason you can follow the 25-30% removal principal when using soap sticks.

Life long learning doesn"t stop with the high school or college diploma. In the high tech fast paced petroleum industry training is a must. Traditionally research organizations within operating, service and supply companies have been the primary source of this continuing education process. There are numerous outstanding alternatives for updating ones skills. The petroleum service, supply and education sectors have committed training resources to fill the gap left by operators.

Whenever any piece of equipment is overloaded or abused, some degree of deterioration is inevitable, and this same principle will apply to pumping unit reducers. This paper will outline and illustrate the effects of abuse from the standpoint of seeing a result and then establishing a cause.

Experience in the Jameson (Strawn Reef) Field has shown that back pressure imposed by inadequate flowlines, unnecessary valves and fittings and high trap pressures can be very detrimental to intermittent gas lift production and efficiency. As a result of minimizing back pressure, individual wells in this field have shown substantial improvements in production and injection gas-liquid ratios. Various methods of reducing back pressure are discussed, and a guide is presented to aid in selection of proper flowline sizes for intermittent gas lift wells.

This report documents results of a study to determine whether brine and CO2 injection significantly changes total porosity in a dolomite reservoir. Pre- and postpilot cores from closely-spaced wells in the Shell Western E&P Inc. Denver Unit CO, pilot provided the necessary data. We concluded that only minor porosity enhancement resulted from brine dissolution of anhydrite. Detailed petrographic examination of thin sections provided the modal composition (bulk mineralogy, total porosity and pore types) of 112 samples.

The purpose of this article is to review the effect of fluid buoyancy has on rod stresses and rod loads. The hydrostatic pressure caused by the tubing fluids has an impact on rod stresses at the rod element level. Use of the Downhole Load Cell data can help resolve the question: What is the magnitude of the loads displayed as the downhole pump card? The efkkive force on the rods is the ideal method to display of the downhole pump cards. Some discussion will be based on dynamometer data collected on an Amerada Hess well in conjunction with SANDIA using the Glen Albert Downhole Dynamometer.

The process of hydraulic fracturing has been used extensively for well stimulation by the petroleum industry for over two decades. During this time the ability to successfully execute a fracturing treatment has increased to the point where very few mechanical failures currently occur. In addition, the development of treatment design and evaluation procedures has evolved to the point where fracturing is now considered a science rather than an art. As the science progresses, new problems concerning the design and evaluation of optimum fracturing treatments arise frequently.

When interpreting the output of wave equation based computer programs, one must be able to accurately detect problems and recommend solutions. Several papers have been published describing techniques for calculation of gearbox loading, rod stresses, and downhole pump dynamometer cards. Included in these papers are downhole dynamometer card shapes corresponding to common pump problems that can be compared with calculated pump dynamometer cards to determine what is wrong with the pump* However, these techniques assume that the input data is correct.

Subsurface equipment such as sucker rods and pump parts are subjected to the combined action of cyclic service loads and corrosive fluids simultaneously, often causing failure due to corrosion fatigue. Organic inhibitors are widely used to prevent failure resulting from corrosion fatigue. There is, however, little or no data to show the nature and the extent of the effects they produce on the course of corrosion fatigue per se. This investigation deals with some of the variables that affect the corrosion fatigue performance of carbon steels in the presence of organic inhibitors.

Slurry transport and settling experiments were conducted to improve current descriptions of proppant transport. Results of these experiments were used to formulate a new slurry transport model which was incorporated in a fully three-dimensional fracture simulator. The model was tested and verified against experimental observations of slurry transport in a 4 foot by 16 foot slot model.

Foams used as fracturing fluids for formation stimulation are mixtures of compressed nitrogen gas and a base liquid. The quality of a fracturing foam refers to the volumetric gas content of the foam and is usually in the range of 65-95 percent. The addition of sand to a fracturing foam can have a significant effect on the actual flow rate of the base liquid at the surface. This effect on the surface will change the foam flow rate and foam quality desired down hole. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the fracturing foam will also be effected as sand concentration changes.

An effective corrosion-control program depends upon well conditions (fluid levels, gas blowing by the casing, well pound, casing gas venting), manner of inhibitor application and the awareness of the personnel responsible for treating the wells. Preventative programs are valuable for wells producing Highly corrosive fluids, and test wells are important for evaluating inhibitors and their application. Such tests have been very valuable for the inhibitor manufacturer as he works with the producer in developing improved products. Keeping corrosion-control programs current is very. important.

The ability and capacity for people to communicate with one another effectively is perhaps one of the most pressing needs in today's complicated world. The written word tends to lost its meaning in a sea of gobbledygook. That in itself seriously limits people's capacity to communicate. But there are more subtle problems that affect every type of communication, including written and oral. These problems can be classified loosely under three headings: 1) jumping to conclusions; 2) closed minds; and 3) listening only to words.

This paper analyzes the effects on reducer torque and structural a beam mounted gas compressor on a Conventional pumping unit.

The prediction of the volumetric efficiency of the pump is one of the most important factors in the analysis of sucker rod and progressing cavity pumping systems. In most cases, the reduction of production due to gas interference in the pump exceeds by far the effect of leakage in the pump components. In this paper, the equations to determine the effect of free gas on the volumetric efficiency of a sucker rod pump and a progressing cavity pump, as a function of the downhole separation efficiency, the pump intake conditions and the fluid properties, are presented.

Most polished rods break at the bottom of the polished rod clamp. Almost all of these breaks are fatigue failures. A study of polished rod fatigue failures entitled How to Minimize Polished Rod Breaks (Ref. 1) was presented at the 41st Annual Southwestern Petroleum Short Course in April, 1994. The study concluded that bending stresses amplified by stress concentrations from polished rod clamps are the most significant contributors to polished rod fatigue failures. The study also pointed out a noticeable absence of information on stress concentrations caused by various polished rod clamps.

Due to the widespread manifestation of large scale miscible CO, enhanced recovery projects, particularly in West Texas and Gulf Coast regions, considerable concern has developed regarding the performance and/or durability of hydrated cement located across producing and injection intervals in CO, related wells. It is known that carbonation affects the microstructure of cement affecting both porosity and compressive strength.

Efficient Sucker Rod Beam Pumping has been a problem for years. Excessive rod and pump failures have caused lifting costs to skyrocket. This paper discusses an extensive program that was undertaken in 1978 and 1979 to maximize efficiency in the Beam Pumping System in the MCA Unit, Maljamar, New Mexico. Approximately 220 pumping wells were checked for proper design and corrections to each well were made to improve the pumping system. Each unit was checked for sucker rod design, pump design, pumping unit speed, stroke length, torque, and electrical equipment.

This discussion will be centered on the following topics: History of jet pumps as used in the Oil & Gas Industry
Problems associated with early jet pumps and surface equipment: Details of new jet pump, How the new jet pump is being configured to unload liquid loaded gas wells, New types of surface pumps for jet pump power fluid delivery to the down hole pump, Case studies where jet pumps and diaphragm surface pumps were used

This Sucker Rod Pump has a short primary plunger with a long barrel and hollow tube that slides inside a short barrel; the availability of a superior traveling valve turns the equipment into a double stage pump. A pressure compensating bushing connects the primary plunger and hollow tube. From the bushing connection to the end of the long barrel an annular space exists where the gas is compressed on the upstroke and the sand and gas is forced to move instead of settling.

The first ever actual field tests to evaluate well bore fluid's real time impact on elastomeric compounds used for casing plunger sealing cups led to major breakthroughs in the discovery of better sealing cup compounds, previously unavailable to the industry. The drastically improved performance of carefully formulated compounds, coupled with radical innovations in over-all casing plunger design, were major factors in the development of the first truly successful casing plunger, following decades of disappointment experienced with previous casing plungers on the market.

Three-phase, squirrel cage induction motors are used almost exclusively for oil well pumping on electrified leases. The squirrel cage motor is available with various designs, enclosures and other electrical and mechanical variations. This paper will discuss squirrel cage motors most ideally suited and generally used as a drive for individual walking beam sucker rod pumps.

This tutorial describes the components of the electric submersible progressing cavity pump system. The intended audience is familiar with electric submersible pumping systems used in petroleum production. While the electrical parts of any electric submersible system are important, this material emphasizes descriptions of the progressing cavity pump and its unique mechanical drive components.