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Care should be use in the selection and design of oil emulsion treating systems. We will discuss emulsion, how it is formed and treated, the treating systems that are used. When selecting a treating system, consideration should be given the cost of the unit, the effect of scale in the treating section, the effect of corrosion in the treating section and the corrosion effect on the treating unit itself, the use of pressure for gravity and volume control.

Selection of oil field prime movers is discussed, weighing the economic advantages and disadvantages of utilizing electric motor or gas engine drive. Selection and long term use of prime movers is presented from a "present worth" viewpoint.

In this paper, an attempt is made to present, from a practical standpoint, factors which should be considered in selecting subsurface pumps. Emphasis is given to rod-actuated equipment with discussions on special application pumps and the uses of exotic materials. Some time is spent on conditions which would dictate the use of hydraulic and submergible systems.

Experience developed in the Midcontinent Division of Exxon Co., U.S.A. indicates that well corrosion problems in rod pumped wells are directly related to the water cut of produced fluids. In general, severe corrosion problems as measured by excessive rod, pump and tubing failures, are predominant in wells that produce in excess of 30% water. Further, embrittlement and pitting resulting in reduced rod life and fatigue failures are accelerated by the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the produced fluids.

The intent of this paper is to cover various types of oil field engines, their advantages and disadvantages, their rating, equipment that is available, installation features, and preventative maintenance, in order that proper selection of the prime mover may be obtained. The proper selection of a prime mover involves many factors other than the make and size of engine required. Too often only these factors are considered.

The selection of lubricated plug valves in the production field has been handled rather loosely over the years

This paper presents some stimulating ideas and thoughts on self-analysis and its effect on self improvement and self development.

The use of various separator designs, internals, and/or internal configurations can significantly enhance separation. The use of centrifugal inlet devices, in some cases, has been shown to increase vessel throughput up to eight hundred percent. Also, internal baffling and various coalescing media, including matrix plate coalescing sections and serpentine vanes, can improve the separator efficiency by eliminating short-circuiting and reducing foam.

Cement plugs are one of the most important types of cement jobs ever performed. Therefore, they deserve the very best effort we can give to a problem. A successful plug job requires more attention to detail than most other cement jobs; the reason most of them fail is because they do not get this attention. The following guidelines will not guarantee success but they will provide a higher ratio of successes if used every time! Plugs need properties different from most other cement systems because they are intended for a different application entirely.

Successful primary cementing of shale completions requires slurry design considerations that conventional cementing operations typically do not consider. The unique petrophysical and geological properties of shale must be factored into the design along with future stimulation plans to provide zonal isolation and casing support. This paper focuses on shale wells cemented in the Arkoma Basin. Cement slurry design is a critical part of any successful cementing operation.

Fluid inertia forces can be large enough to be considered in sucker rod simulators. Fluid inertia forces are larger with shallow wells, large pumps, high stroke rates, and/or lower compressibilities. Texas A&M U has developed a fluid inertia model. This paper covers the primary assumptions, the equations, the boundary conditions, the initial conditions, a parameter study based on field data, the solution method, the discretized equations, the pump position, and the calculation sequence.

This paper presents a simplified fast means of determining synchronous and non-synchronous pumping speeds for tapered as well as straight strings based on the Sloneger formulas but using up-dated constants. Fast means of calculating API maximum allowable loads are presented. Other formulas are also given.

Short-cycle rod pumping, as accomplished by a pumpoff controller or percentage timer, offers several benefits over conventional program timer pumping. Field results show that 1-power savings are realized by reducing both the kilowatt-hour consumption and kilowatt demand, 2- the pumping unit may be properly counterbalanced and the pump spaced under dynamic conditions to realize maximum pumping efficiency and minimize gas interference, and 3- by stabilizing the individual well production, the lease production may be monitored at the battery.

Shot peening has been utilized for many years in a variety of industries as a surface conditioning process for metals. When properly performed, shot peening imparts beneficial residual compression stresses to the surface and subsurface of a metal which enhances the fatigue resistance and corrosion tolerance properties. Shot peening is primarily used on components that operate in cyclic loading environments.

Commodities are defined relative to their application. There are dictionary definitions of the word commodity. There also are definitions of commodities related to the specific good or service that is being considered or traded on one of the many financial boards in the world. For these commodities, there is a "benchmark" that has been defined, standardized, and accepted for base price determination. However, there are multipliers that are used to differentiate the products that exceed or do not meet the benchmark requirements.

In the beginning we had an oil well! It was way out in the country where, at that time, therewas no paved road - only muddy roads and muddy locations or hot dusty roads and hot dustylocations. To a city dude, either was repulsive."At that time most thought that after a well was drilled and production hit the tank, that was theimportant thing and the only thing to do now wasto sell the oil. The only trouble was that all wells were not that good and some had to be pumped.Then they found that even though the oil was therein the ground it was difficult to produce enough to pay all the debts.

A new approach to pumping multiple completion oil wells with minimum surface equipment is by the use of a Siamese Dual pumping unit. Torque factor analysis, unit operation, and economic factors will be discussed.

Sidetracking systems, and more specifically whipstock technology, have evolved to the point where only one trip is required to accomplish the casing exit. However, most of these systems have been deployed in simple applications, where the formation outside the casing is relatively soft. More difficult applications, such as those where harder formations must be entered during the casing exit operation, have been bypassed, additional trips planned, or alternate cutting structures utilized to complete the operation.

Silica fume is a pozzolanic material composed of extremely fine, amorphous spheres produced as a by-product in the manufacture of silicon metals. It has a high water demand and is more reactive than natural pozzolan or fly ash. When added to cement it makes an excellent extender and produces significant increases in compressive strengths. This paper examines the compressive strengths of low density slurries made with different blends of Portland cement, fly ash, and silica fume.

The relative importance of certain data in the design of waterfloods and the effects of varying the more important factors influencing water flood recovery are discussed.

Charts are presented that simplify the design of intermittent gas lift installations for different surface control methods. These are: 1- 100% choke control at the surface. 2- Combination choke control and intermitter control at the surface. 3- 100% intermitter control at the surface.

This paper presents simplified methods of relating the following terms commonly used by the petroleum engineer in evaluating wellbore problem conditions of damage and of stimulation: 1. Well productivity 2. van Everdingen's skin factor, s 3.

In order to select a compressor, or calculate the performance of a compressor, certain design criteria must be known. This criteria is listed below: 1. Gas analysis. A gas analysis is preferred, but if one is not available, then the specific gravity or molecular weight, n value, critical pressure and critical temperature of the gas can be used. 2. Capacity. This is generally given in either MSCFD or MMSCFD (Thousand Standard Cubic Feet Per Day or Million Standard Cubic Feet Per Day) at a given base pressure and temperature. (Example: 14.65 PSIA & 60_F). 3. Inlet temperature.

During the past few years a new method of checking the production of oil wells has been developed. This method is based on intermittent sampling and can be accomplished in two ways; by taking samples by hand from the bleeder at such times as are dictated by a watt demand meter, or by use of a mechanical device which will take a sample at equal intervals. In each method the production is obtained through analysis of the samples taken.

Texaco has been operating a CO2 flood in the Sundown Slaughter Unit in Hockley County, Texas since January of 1994.
The CO: flood was originally justified by analogy with an adjacent CO2 flood. A CO2 flood simulation was later done to predict and optimize the performance of the flood. With actual production data from the CO2 flood available, the simulation forecast was redone and updated.