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The productivity of oil and gas wells can he improved through the use of efficiently designed acid fracturing treatments. The approach to acid fracturing treatment design presented in this paper enables a comparison of the production increases for various types of acid systems. In this study, four hydrochloric acid systems (plain, foamed, gelled anti crosslinked) were used to design acid fracturing treatments. An acid fracturing stimulation design comparison for three reservoirs is presented.

A new promising enhanced oil recovery technology has developed. The technology involves in-situ generation of carbon dioxide to recover trapped residual oil from reservoirs. This technology has two at least unique features that set it apart from existing technologies. First, CO2 is injected as part of a dense liquid phase (not simply compressed CO2). Because the injected fluid is a dense liquid at ambient conditions, there is no need for the expensive compression costs that are associated with convention CO2 injection processes.

The formation of troublesome organic deposits during oil and gas production is a significant cause of decreased production and increased lifting costs. Traditional methods of mechanical and solvent-based removal are time consuming, expensive, and can create additional problems of re-deposition and dehydration facilities upsets. A novel process has been developed to remove organic deposits from hydrocarbon producing wells and equipment by generating an exothermic reaction that melts and disperses paraffin wax and asphaltenic
deposits.

Paraffin formation has been a problem for many oil producers. Current technology for alleviating the problem of paraffin build up consists of: (1) mechanical removal, (2) removal with hot oil or other solvents, and (3) treating the wellbore with a paraffin dispersant or inhibitor. This paper will discuss the application of a new form of paraffin inhibitor and a novel technique for introducing the paraffin inhibitor into the producing formation. The study was conducted in the Dean Formation, Ackerly Dean Unit (ADU), Dawson County, Texas.

Oil Operators in Southeast New Mexico have been very successful in producing wells dual completed in both the Blinebry and Paddock formations. One area of contention, however, has been the mineral saturation in the commingled brine and the incompatibility of the various minerals in the two produced brines. Liquid scale inhibitors, applied conventionally during the fracture stimulation of each zone have not been successful in preventing formation of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales after the wells have been placed on production.

The purpose of a gas separator is to separate free gas from produced fluid before the fluid enters the intake of an electric submersible pump (ESP). If free gas is allowed to enter the ESP, it tends to cause the ESP to cycle, resulting in additional pump and motor wear and eventual contamination of the motor oil with wellbore fluids. Two types of gas separators are commonly available, the reverse flow separator and the rotary separator.

Commercial Measurement While Drilling systems have now been available for over ten years. A broad range of capabilities have been developed, albeit at significant cost. Development has primarily been driven by technology availability. The market for MWD services has been primarily limited by capability, supply and cost. MWD technology has now matured to the point where it is possible to offer significantly more capability than may be required in a given situation.

This paper illustrates the wide use of PD meters and the growth of their use, particularly in Lease Automatic Custody operations. Furthermore, it discusses many of the basic principles of efficient meter operation, namely installation, proving meter accuracy, maintenance requirements and sampling. Various factors which influence accurate measurement are discussed, as well as different types of meter proving devices.

Evaluation of artificial lift requirements and selection of appropriate lift equipment for an oilwell must take into account the well inflow performance under anticipated producing bottom hole conditions. Controlled well test at these conditions will generate the necessary inflow performance data for this purpose. This paper describes a portable Production Test Unit and related well equipment which permits multi-rate production testing for the purpose of developing IPR data. Description of the Hydraulic Jet Pumping System used and examples of test procedures are included.

A new portable system has been developed for both the acquisition of dynamometer data and the subsequent analysis of that data. This equipment may also be used to determine acoustic fluid levels and obtain surface acoustic pressure-transient data. This paper contains a brief description of the hardware system, how the data is analyzed, and how the data is interpreted to obtain the diagnostic bottom hole dynamometer cards and surface torque analysis. Two features of the system include a new load cell concept and a displacement transducer.

A new portable system has been developed for both the acquisition of dynamometer data and the subsequent analysis of that data. This equipment may also be used to determine acoustic fluid levels and obtain surface acoustic pressure-transient data. This paper contains a brief description of the hardware system, how the data is analyzed, and how the data is interpreted to obtain the diagnostic bottom hole dynamometer cards and surface torque analysis. Two features of the system include a new load cell concept and a displacement transducer.

The purpose of this paper is to present specific recommendations for an adequate power oil settling system which will furnish clean power oil for hydraulic bottom hole pumping installations. The design herein given represents the consensus of operating personnel and service personnel and is judged to be a very practical answer when considering adequacy and cost.

Early in 1970 all available pre-1970 subsurface equipment failure data contained in the data banks of Atlantic Richfield's Equipment Performance System were analyzed. Assuming no changes in operations or in failure patterns, it was predicted that in the year 1970: 1. Corrosion and/or equipment mishandling would be the cause of 73% of all subsurfaced equipment failures. 2. Rod failures would account for about 40% of all subsurface failures. 3. About 60% of all rod failures would be rod body and about 40% pin or coupling failures.

To date, standards proposed for filament-wound glass resin line pipe used by the petroleum industry generally define only mechanical tests for structural strength. It will be explained why this data alone can be very misleading as a basis for comparison. Other parameters, such as chemical resistance, actual pressure ratings, safety factors, ultraviolet sensitivity, life of plasticized liners, and long term flow stability, are felt to be far more meaningful and realistic for evaluation of the product from the user's standpoint.

This paper is a general explanation of the financial mechanics of an oil and gas economic project analysis. Emphasis is placed on the meanings and usage of certain financial terms and ratios such as interest rate, present value, future value, discount rate, internal rate of return, payout period and return on investment.

In 1973, a decision was reached to make a comprehensive joint geological and engineering study of the North McElroy Unit. It was hoped that the combined efforts would result in a more practical study to assist in the current waterflood operations.

A procedure to optimize drilling programs is presented from a practical standpoint. The concept of a control well based on offset well data, using a cost per foot approach is discussed. Once the control-well and proposed-well data have been determined, a systematic analysis of the drilling variables is carried out. This analysis is concerned with the drilling hydraulics, mud properties, bit type, bit weight, and rotary speed. The final product is a well program which includes a summary of the proposed hydraulics, mud system, bit selection and operating conditions.

Agnew" has proposed that temperature be utilized as a method for obtaining knowledge of the portion of a reservoir which has actually been stimulated. This particular method of evaluating frac and acid treatments has been utilized for several years. Additional evidence for the use of radioactive materials with temperature has recently led to the utilization of techniques involving the use of RA materials in conjunction with temperature, which lends a more quantitative perspective to treatment design and interpretation.

In secondary or tertiary recovery projects fluids are injected into the rock formations to sweep residual hydrocarbons to producing wells. To optimize this operation the fluids must be injected at specified rates into the desired depth intervals. Therefore, injection profiles are run to determine the injection rates as a function of depth. Although temperature and noise logs can provide some qualitative data, spinner surveys or radioactive (abbreviated r/a) tracer logs are run if quantitative results are desired.

Qualitative interpretation of drill stem test (DST) pressure-time charts often is more of an art than a science. However, logical and efficient interpretation can be easily accomplished by understanding the basic factors involved in producing a chart. No two DST charts are exactly the same, and thus the guidelines given in this paper are designed to be general in nature. With knowledge of the basic DST shapes and forms in mind, even complicated charts can be broken into components and satisfactorily interpreted.

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating waterflood performance on a pattem-bypattern
basis to identify wells that may benefit from some type of intervention or remediation. We
developed this approach to have a rapid screening method to analyze the commonly available data from
a waterflood and maximize the amount of useful information that can be determined from these data.
We calculate permeability and the variation in skin factor at the injector with time.

The Kelly Snyder field is located in Scurry County, Texas, as shown on Fig. 1. This field is one of the major oil reservoirs in the United States. After discovery in 1948, the field was produced by solution gas drive until 1954 when a recommendation by the Scurry Area Canyon Reef Operators" Committee was implemented. The recommendation was to install a centerline water injection program to restore and maintain reservoir pressure above the bubble point. In March 1953 the SACROC Unit was formed and the proposed injection program was started in September 1954.

Fluid slippage is defined as the fluid that leaks past a metal plunger during the upstroke of a down-hole, rod-drawn, positive displacement pump. American Petroleum Specification 11AX covers this type of pump which is used in approximately 90% of artificially lifted wells. This paper will present the first part of the results of a continuing research project covering the theoretical analysis and laboratory testing of pump slippage. The goal of this project is to present a mathematical model which will accurately represent the actual down-hole slippage for this class of pump.

The author will review the current status of a complete new approach is well servicing that includes: 1) A remotely operated robotic-automatic well services rig wherein there is no operating personnel within 100 feet of the wellbore. 2) An integrated system for making up tubing as well as the two element rod connection to absolute computer precision. 3) An integrated system for over the well electronic inspection systems of tubing and rods.

In the past few years there have been a number of software programs developed to process open hole wireline log data on personal computers. The majority require a thorough knowledge of program documentation to obtain the maximum benefit. When this is combined with the overall reluctance among many users to read documentation, the end result is a less than optimum utilization of processing power. The Microsoft Windows* operating environment for IBM compatible computers was created with the user's needs in the forefront by utilizing the concept of a "visual interface".