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Pumping free gas reduces pump-liquid efficiencies and alters loading on the pumping system. The rod pumping design procedure outlined in API RP IIL assumes complete pump liquid fillage and determines loads based on test data gathered from an electrical analog computer model. The Shell method is based on a mathematical solution, and the resulting loads are calculated assuming incomplete pump fillage (gas interference). Design charts similar to those used in API RP IIL for rod pumped systems are shown based on 75% liquid and 25% gas fillage of the pump.

With the advent of the super deep well the particular properties of gases become more critical. Both heavy hydrocarbon gases and the relatively lighter hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide follow the general gas laws, but the apparent problem from the floor of the drilling rig is quite different. The reservoirs in super deep wells contain gases under greater than critical pressure and temperatures that are liberated to the mud stream as a "liquid". This poses some very critical problems in the early detection and later control of high pressure gas reservoirs.

This paper presents a basic method for designing and analyzing continuous and intermittent flow gas lift installations by combining mathematical and graphical design techniques. By expressing the graphical presentations of well performance in the form a pressure-depth diagram, one standard procedure can be employed to design continuous and intermittent flow gas lift installations using any basic type of gas lift valve.

This paper deals with the problems of gas lift design for a dually completed well. Gas lift flow valves are described. The limitations of small tubing and restricted annular areas are noted. Problems of flow valves design for small tubing are emphasized. Methods for gas lifting only one zone of a separate injection gas source for each zone to be lifted, as compared with common gas source for both zones, are discussed. Application of concentric and parallel type dual gas lift installations are outlined. The advantages of retrievable gas lift equipment are mentioned.

This paper presents a history of intermittent gas lift production practices in multiple completed wells in the TXL Field in Ector County, Texas, and the South Andrews Field in Andrews County, Texas. These two fields contain most of Shell Oil Company's gas lift installations in the Permian Basin. Attention is given to individual installation designs in an attempt to evaluate their merit or demerit for particular well conditions.

The proper design of a gas lift installation is not always readily apparent from well data. Previews mechanics of continuous flow and intermittent flow and factors affecting design.

Advanced exploration into, and production

Gas migration or "gas cut cement 'I has been an industry problem for many years. This paper discusses the testing of six different cement slurry additives and a saturated saltwater slurry, all designed to prevent gas migration. The slurries were tested for their effectiveness at preventing gas migration at low pressures, such as is experienced offshore in shallow gas sands. Test equipment of a new design was fabricated. The slurries were exposed to gas pressure at the bottom of a 17 foot cement column in 1-1/2" pipe and the volume of invading gas measured.

A discussion of the selection of gas regulators and controls with special emphasis on design, material of construction, and sizing. Sizing equations, with example problems are presented. A glossary of control industry terminology is included.

Natural gas presently supplies approximately one-third of the energy used in the United States. The current critical shortage of natural gas presents a challenging problem to the pipeline industry, the consumer and the producer. Only through cooperation by all three parties and the Federal Government will it be possible to continue to supply even the current percentage of the energy used in the United States through natural gas.

Gas turbines are being utilized as the prime movers for Gulf's Goldsmith (5600-ft.) Field Water Injection Station. The Goldsmith (5600-ft.) Field is located in Ector County, Texas. This paper will endeavor to describe the installation, operation, and economics of using gas turbines as prime movers. This paper will cover a period of almost 5 years, from initial installation in April 1961 to January 1966.

Higher gas prices have presented new opportunities in gas fields. An imperative issue throughout these fields is liquid loading. This paper discusses and presents results from a low rate, low cost deliquification project. Inexpensive pumping units with a small motor and pump are installed to keep water off the formation, enabling the production of gas. This is a long term solution allowing the well to produce to its economic limit in an efficient, low maintenance system.

There are several concepts now available in the industry to pump water downward below a packer in a gas well and allow the gas to flow freely up the casing of a gas well. This reduces the flowing gradient and allows gas flow to occur at a lower flowing bottom hole pressure. Also it eliminates any water disposal problems. This can now be done with ESP systems, PCP systems and also beam lift systems. In order for these systems to perform, a zone below the gas producing zone must be available where the water can be injected below a packer.

Various treatment fluids and techniques have been used in attempts to stimulate gas production from the Morrow Sandstone formation in S.E. New Mexico. None of the treating fluids or techniques use in the past have given consistently successful results. Recent developments in stimulation fluid surfactants and refined treatment techniques have improved the operator's chances for successfully stimulating the Morrow. This paper reviews the problems associated with the Morrow and outlines treatment procedures and materials to use in stimulating Morrow gas wells.

A major objective of open-hole log analysis is the determination of the fluid content of the porous formations surrounding the wellbore. However, engineers frequently encounter severe difficulty when attempting this determination in low porosity pay zones because of deep, thorough flushing of the near wellbore formation by drilling mud filtrate. This problem is compounded flow pressure gas overlies oil or water, especially when resistivity logs are not available.

The paper presents the results of a study of dynamometer cards and pumping units of different dimensions. The purpose of the study was to determine methods of reducing gear box torque. Generally, this torque is the most expensive item in a sucker rod pumping unit installation and the use of a smaller sized gear box is almost always economically justified. The study that is reported in this paper is aimed at methods of selecting pumping unit dimensions and counterweights so that the smallest possible gear box torque is developed.

The success of fracture-acidizing treatments in carbonate formations at high temperatures of 250- 400_F depends upon the in-depth penetration of live acid to produce effective etching of the fracture faces. In the fracture-acidizing treatments, viscous solutions called pads are injected ahead of the acid to improve acid penetration. Fracturing fluids which remain highly viscous at elevated temperatures create fractures with high fluid conductivity in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.

This paper deals with the practical aspects of safety when drilling wells that encounter hydrogen sulfide gas, the type and amount of equipment needed, the grade of air used, the use of air compressors, and the characteristics to look for when renting or buying safety breathing equipment. The paper explains the how and why of the physiological effects and after-effects of H2S.

The Petroleum Industry, as in many industries, always has had its safety problems, but down through the years continuous effort has served to make it one of the safest occupations in American industry.

The Permian Basin is one of the major hydrocarbon producing provinces in the United States. It produces approximately 22% of the nation's oil and substantial amounts of gas. Geographically, it covers southeastern New Mexico and much of West Texas. This paper will concentrate on the New Mexico portion of the Basin in an effort to provide the engineer with a basic review of the geological features and reservoir characteristics of the area. There are many subprovinces in this large basin which affected the formation of reservoir rock and the accumulation of hydrocarbons.

The Pitchfork Ranch Field is located in southwestern Lea County, New Mexico, about 17 miles northwest of Jal and about 110 miles northwest of Midland. See Figure I. Figure II is a composite electric type log indicating the various pay zones of the Pitchfork Ranch Field. Figure III shows the area1 distribution of the field and its general structure. Figure IV is a net isopach of the Morrow "C" Sand, the main pay zone in the field.

1- Raw Materials: A brief discussion of basic raw materials for glass reinforced tubular goods, mechanisms of polymerization and comparative properties of different types of resins. 2- Designing Filament Wound Structure: How glass fiber and resin can be utilized to obtain maximum strength and how design can be varied to obtain best performance depending on end use stress conditions. 3- Testing and Rating: Accelerated laboratory test method to project performance ratings and correlation with field test data.

The development and application of a unique series of environmentally friendly microemulsion additives over the past four years has shown success in thousands of oil and gas wells in the U.S. and Canada.

Tests were conducted to evaluate the plugging mechanisms of metallic screens after cleaning up the filtercake developed on an unconsolidated core by two exiting drill-in fluids (DIF"s). Two simulated drill solids, clay or 75-mm reservoir sand were added as drill solids to these DIF"s. Metallic screens were used to simulate the sand control device. The DIF's tested included a sized-calcium carbonate (SCC) and a sized-salt (SS).

The most important objectives of the laboratory work presented here were aimed at investigating how the chemical composition of the natural formation brine and different minerals present in the carbonate formations interact with CO2 injection under supercritical conditions. The study focused on the alteration of the petrophysical properties of the carbonate reservoir rocks resulting from the interaction of rock/ formation brine and injected CO2.