This paper discusses the new, patented Penetrator Tool System which utilizes the principle of high pressure jet cutting to produce clean tunnels up to 10 ft. into formation rocks. Both the downhole system and the surface pumping equipment are described. The theory of jet cutting of rocks is discussed and some empirical data are provided on penetrating hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. The effects of by-passing near wellbore formation damage and providing short, unobstructed drainage channels from the reservoir are reviewed. Various applications of the Penetrator System in new well completions, recompletions, and workovers of older wells are outlined and case histories are presented illustrating where production or injection enhancement has been achieved.

The proper and economical operation of pumping wells is highly desirable, for the basic objective of any oil producing company is to recover the maximum amount of oil at a minimum cost. In these days of high taxes and low profits, it I mandatory that the efficient producing of pumping wells be maintained. This is growing in importance since a constantly increasing number of wells are being put on the pump. A formula for arriving at the cost of lifting oil will vary with the producer. However, of primary consideration is the cost of operations per day and included in this cost must be pulling and pump repair costs. More and more producers are recognizing that greater attention should be paid to pumping wells, but all complain of the lack of trained personnel or lack of time. Much discussion has been going on about the possible development of a simple instrument for checking the bottom hole pump before it is withdrawn from the well, but little action has been taken. Since operation and maintenance of equipment on pumping wells has always been considered the function of the field man, the instrument should be one that will lend itself to use by the field man. Therefore, it must be low in cost and easily understood so it can be properly utilized. A new instrument has been developed which has been designated as a polished rod Load indicator. The name is appropriate since it does indicate the changing loads on the polished rod as the well pumps.

The history of the successful long stroke hydraulic pumping unit is, when compared to the oil industry, a relatively short one. Attempts to build an hydraulic pumping unit were made as early as 1932 but without too much success. In 1939, two of the present day long stroke hydraulic pumping units were first brought out on the market to be offered to the oil industry. Since 1945 two more manufacturers of long stroke hydraulic pumping units have presented their equipment to the oil fields.

The problem of finding, refining, transporting and producing oil are each one in themselves a separate phase of the oil industry. Today in this discussion, we are interested in but one of these phases, that of producing oil. Our subject has been further narrowed to the discussion of the advantages of the long stroking, sub-surface hydraulic pumping.

Over the past few years, the oil industry has taken a very active interest in the use of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery.
have been started. Many CO2 injection projects Other fields are being studied for CO2 flooding with future projects being planned. On the other side of the picture, making all this possible, has been the finding and developing of large sources of CO?. Most of the CO2 has been found in naturally occurring underground reservoirs which are capable of producing the quantities needed for oil field application. Although the CO2 sources are often hundreds of miles from the prospective oil fields, major pipelines have already been constructed and others are being planned to transport the CO2 to places where it will be applied. This paper presents an overview of these major sources of CO2 and the
current status of their development.

It is difficult to completely describe this dehydration system in one sentence. The variables effecting the design are many and must be given full consideration. To start outlining the criteria probably the first concern in the design is the volume of gas to be processed. This leads into the pressure and temperature. The governing control of the design is the sales specification for the maximum water content. In this simplistic form the unit can be sized and applied to the job. However, there are other questions that should be considered. What is the life of the production? Will compressors come into use later. The above design concerns need individual review as they affect the total system.

Presents the revision of API Standard 11-B on sucker rod joint design, the reasons for this change, and the expected performance of this new joint when properly used.

The U.S. society of today bears only a slight resemblance to our society of a decade ago. In our quest of efficiency and new scientific servants for mankind, technology has leaped forward at a dizzying pace. The median age of our society had dropped drastically, bringing youthful perceptions and new concern for basic values. Increased numbers of people have spawned more companies and bigger companies marketing more lines of products and services to more complex sets of markets. This revolution of technology, thought and numbers have had a major impact upon corporations, giving rise to new concepts in management organization. Old concepts of functional organization are being phased out, particularly in the large multi-divisional corporations. Authority has shifted in the management hierarchy, new lines of communications established and new concern has emerged about the individual employee.

Fights at the water hole were a part of the recorded history of settlement in the west. Windmills, well drilling machinery, and other innovative technology helped make water available at the point of need. Surface water limitations were rapidly forgotten as the arid areas enjoyed the magic and widespread abundance of underground water. Forty years of increasing demand coupled with serious depletion of the reserves again presents substantial opportunity for conflict and competition among classes of users. The "economics of the market" do not offer acceptable solution under the "rule of resource capture" and a more appropriate legal framework will ultimately evolve. Hopefully, such governmental intervention will not destroy the utility of competitive business practices.

The end of WWII marked the entrance into a new era in domestic oil production. Full capacity production gave way to curtailment and pro-ration. The necessity for drastic economies resulted in close scrutiny of all costs and practices. The Gas Engine which has long been the "work horse" in the oilfields began to feel the inroads of electrification. Wider availability of electric power and the obvious ease of automating electric motors were compelling reasons that led to wholesale electrification. Although much of the heavy duty engine industry during this same period was preoccupied with expanded markets for engines in other industries, there were a few who remained dedicated to the purpose of providing engines, accessory equipment, and controls that would meet the requirements of the changing economics in domestic oil production.

Converging technologies this decade have provided alternative field development, depletion and drilling practices. These include horizontal drilling, geosteering and casing exit technologies. During the 1990"s, the benefit of horizontal drilling was becoming evident, while milling and geosteering systems were advancing. These technologies together made sidetracking a viable remedial method. Historically, sidetracking was used as a last resort to get around debris stuck in the wellbore or depart from a lower unproductive completion. The ability to drill horizontally geosteered wells from existing wellbores provided an economical means to recover a higher percentage of the hydrocarbons in place, and access nominal hydrocarbon reserves located behind the pipe, that otherwise could not have economically been recovered. As milling technologies evolved through the decade, sidetracking operations became feasible in a single trip. This paper will discuss the applications, mechanics and operation of the one trip sidetracking system.

The development of the _ inch sucker rod was necessary to satisfy a growing problem within the oil industry. This problem has been pointed up in ever increasing importance by the upward trend in lifting costs in comparison to a more or less constant or even, at times, downward trend in production profits. There are two principal divisions of cost in any analysis of lifting costs: one of these is labor; the other, of course, is material.

The salt water disposal system should be properly designed in order that maintenance costs may be kept to a minimum. Invariably, oil and gas will enter the system by malfunctioning lease equipment. Proper design of gathering lines, junctions and terminal facilities will alleviate or possibly eliminate problems caused by mixture of oil and gas in the system. Trouble-free salt water disposal systems do not "just happen"; they are properly designed and adequately maintained by experienced supervisory personnel.

Remote monitoring is distinct from more complex and expensive distributed control systems in its focus on providing visibility to the data rather than autonomous control of oilfield processes. Several of the underlying components are similar in name and function though the goals are different. Remote monitoring of production operations outside of supermajors and large independents is still in its infancy. Despite this fact many independents have enjoyed significant economic and operational value from early adoption of the technology. We"ll use several
case studies to highlight their results.

The industry continues to look for automated devices that can assist in optimizing artificial lift performance, with the object of improving efficiency and reducing the workload placed on the level of operator personnel dictated by economic requirements. An intermittent control system has been designed that monitors the critical pressure points of the well and surface facilities, together with flowing condition, and uses them to dictate the Shut In and Flow or Injection cycles in order to optimize its performance. The advantage of this type of intermittent control system (ICS) is that well conditions, rather than time cycles, dictate the intermitting cycle. This control method has been utilized in conjunction with a multiplicity of artificial lift methods and in most cases production increases of 10 to 500% have been achieved, while the amount of operator time required to ensure optimum performance has been greatly reduced. This paper will discuss the critical points of measurement and their relationship to optimum well and lift method performance. The author will also discuss the application of this flow and pressure control system to several artificial lift systems such as plunger lift, intermittent gas production, gas lift and reciprocating rod lift systems.

Gas interference and sand production are two of the biggest challenges for operators of sucker-rod pumped wells in southeast New Mexico's Delaware Basin. This paper will discuss the re-application of an old sucker-rod pump tool that solves both of these problems. The Panacea Pump Tool, which can be installed on any rod pump with a pin threaded barrel, consists of a hollowed out rod-pump extension coupling. A cavity created by the tool maintains a minimum liquid level in the pump barrel, which reduces gas interference and breaks gas lock. The cavity also provides continual cleaning of particle buildup from iron sulfide and sand that can wear on a pump's plunger, similar to stroke through pump designs. Pump off control has been critical to the resurrection of this technology. Numerous, repeatable successes in some of Texaco's toughest producing environments have made the Panacea Pump Tool the pump upgrade of choice.

The "Permeator" completion technique is a new approach toward obtaining complete zone coverage and provides a means of controlling the performance of the producing formation throughout the life of the well. Added benefits include maximum protection of cement bonding and reduction of hole-to-hole communication.

Schematic Cross-Section, West to East of the Permian Basin of West Texas and Southeast New Mexico (Fig. 1) is drawn with vertical: horizontal exaggeration of approximately 50:l. This presentation will cover 600 million years of basin formation and sedimentation and about 70 years of petroleum exploration and development in thirty minutes. This will require exaggeration on a scale greater than l00:l, megascale oversimplification and omission of all Aggie jokes. The presentation will describe how the basin formed, dominant time-stratigraphic units and typical hydrocarbon traps.

The most efficient use of the skills of a petroleum engineer allow him to devote the majority of his time and talents to analysis and interpretation of data, multidisciplinary activities such as economic evaluations, creative and research-level thinking. A petroleum engineer's skills may be used more efficiently if he is not required to perform mechanical or data-gathering tasks. Petroleum paratechnologists can absorb most of the mechanical, data gathering, field interpretation and analysis tasks for petroleum engineers. The two (2) year Junior College Petroleum Technology training program yields skills to accomplish these tasks.

The Petrovalve technology eliminates the high failure rate and low efficiency inherent to the traditional ball and seat valve configuration which has been in use for the last 70 years. These improvements are due to the guided seating surfaces of the Petrovalve design, providing some exciting opportunities for producing oil companies through both material selection and operating variables. With a larger flow area and less pressure drop across the valve, the Petrovalve design allows for increased pump efficiency. Production increases of 35% are not uncommon in the field. Eliminating gas lock problems common to many thermal and non-thermal well pumping operations is the Petrovalve Gas Breaker. The traveling valve automatically opens at the end of each cycle allowing the hydrostatic fluid to flow through and exchange any trapped gas accumulations. Available in cast cobalt alloy (stellite), tungsten carbide, and titanium carbide, the whole line of Petrovalve products offers increased production and decreased maintenance costs and downtime. Through greater pump efficiency and the versatility to operate at deviated angles, right through to the horizontal, oil producers see a direct effect on the bottom line.

The Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) has been used in down-hole applications for over fifteen (15) years and has progressed from only one model and one elastomer to over twenty models and several different elastomers. The depth range for the rod driven pump system has increased from 1000" to 6000" and even a few 8000" applications. These applications call for special elastomers and considerations as to the fit and/or design of the pump and the system. Down-hole pump displacements have increased from 5 to over 1000 bpd/l00 t-pm. The resultant torsional requirements for the large pump designs have reached the limits of conventional sucker rods, therefore, new methods for rotating and transmitting torque to the pump are being conceptualized, designed and tested. New developments, in the past two to three years, that will be covered in the following text consist of elastomers; rotor coatings; drive systems; rod centralizers; and rod-less systems as well as new applications where PCP's are being utilized, i.e. high temperature, CO2 and H2S.

The future of an oil or gas well is dependent on its early life. One of the things occurring in a well's early life which affects its future is cementing the well. Proper application of cement ensures good zone isolation and protection of casing. Good zone isolation is necessary to ensure that the stimulation treatment is applied only to the zone of interest and to limit production of undesirable well fluids.

The ability to estimate descriptive engineering parameters, such as permeability, and to generate production forecasts and reserves based on those parameters, without the cost of fir11 numerical simulation or extended buildup tests, is provided by the Reciprocal Productivity Index graphical production analysis method. The method's theoretical basis arises corn the fact that traditional constant rate or constant pressure (potential) boundary conditions are sufficient, but that the necessary boundary condition only requires that the sandface transmissibility remain constant over time. With that difference, it is possible to accurately evaluate production histories, in which both the rate and pressure are varying over time, using traditional well testing methods. Examples for both oil and gas wells demonstrate the interpretive capability and limitations.

Fluid injection into the Permian carbonate rocks of West Texas has generated millions of barrels of additional reserves in recent years. Sufficient performance history is now available so that certain general conclusions may be drawn and guidelines set for future project installation. The fundamental precept for evaluating these reservoirs for fluid injection is a detailed knowledge of their geology. Permian carbonante reservoirs can be characterized by the dominant trapping mechanism into three distinct types. Different performance histories may be anticipated for each type. Reasonable predictive procedures may also be developed.

The petroleum industry today is faced with an acute shortage of technical personnel. If this trend continues, the industry will suffer economically as well as technologically. The United States" petroleum industry has always been a leader in the world in technological achievements and in all facets of oil and gas drilling and production techniques. Oil, gas and service company personnel have traveled the world over aiding many countries in their oil and gas development. Without this technological aid of engineers and service company personnel, our nation and many other countries would not have advanced as rapidly in the industrialized world we live in. This paper is directed toward a major problem which faces the petroleum industry, this being a shortage of technical people to supply this industries critical need.