A general survey of corrosion and control in the petroleum industry illustrated with color slides and field specimens.

This paper discusses a numerical pattern recognition scheme NUPRO*. NUPRO is used to diagnose rod or subsurface pump problems by recognizing downhole dynamometer cards. NUPRO discretizes a dynamometer card into a set of points. Three point picking methods have been developed for NUPRO: constant position increment, constant time increment, and constant arc length increment. These methods vary the accuracy and run time of NUPRO. These methods were tested with a library of 37 known cards (cards l-37) and 100 unknown cards (cards 38-137).

This paper discusses a numerical pattern recognition scheme NUPRO*. NUPRO is used to diagnose rod or subsurface pump problems by recognizing downhole dynamometer cards. NUPRO discretizes a dynamometer card into a set of points. Three point picking methods have been developed for NUPRO: constant position increment, constant time increment, and constant arc length increment. These methods vary the accuracy and run time of NUPRO. These methods were tested with a library of 37 known cards (cards l-37) and 100 unknown cards (cards 38-137).

Yates Petroleum has developed successful drilling and completion practices through experience with 250 wells in the Pecos Slope Abo gas field. Several methods have been used for estimating ultimate reserves from the wells in this low permeability reservoir. The most promising is a drawdown analysis that matches computerized type curves with data on daily flow rates and tubing pressure.

Modern perforating techniques designed to maximize production seem as varied as the wells they are applied to. However they have one trait in common: an instantaneous pressure drawdown (reverse pressure) is applied to surge the perforations clean and create the highest effective shot density possible. The pressure drawdown lends itself to a pressure buildup test immediately thereafter. This paper discusses reverse pressure surging techniques with casing, thru-tubing, and tubing conveyed perforating guns along with a discussion of the capabilities and versatility of the Measurement While Perforating (MWP*) and Measurements After Perforating (MAP*) buildup testing techniques.

Perforating through multiple strings of casing is one of the most difficult design problems in recompletions. The overlap of casing sections may occur in the middle of a series of pay zones as the result of drilling breaks, hole problems or pressure control. Tests in surface targets have provided information that is useful in design for perforating two and three strings of casing as well as addressing problems of perforating in large diameter casing and the thick cement sections of hole wash-outs. In the surface tests, large deep penetrating charges in large diameter guns with minimum gun-casing clearance were found to create the most consistent penetration through multiple strings of casing. Information presented includes evaluation of deep penetrating and big hole charges, charge variances, perforation plugging by debris, and effect of clearance on penetration. Entrance hole information in each string is presented on some targets.

The perforating of multiple tubingless completions presents two basic problems. First, good completion practices require an efficient perforator that leaves no debris, and second, upper zones in the bore holes must be perforated directionally in order that adjacent strings suffer no damage.

This paper will:
_ Provide an introduction to inflatable packer expandable steel technology, what it is and how it works
_ Discuss some of the issues identified and resolved during the development of the technology
_ Provide case histories using 3 examples of casing repair, gas shut-off and water shut-off jobs from 4 _ , 5
_ , and 7in operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Western Canada
_ Summarize the features, benefits, and limitations of the technology
_ Present the solutions available today in Texas and neighboring states.

Laboratory tests and field results on Amoco A-Sol, an extremely versatile mutual solvent system, are presented in comparison with a commonly used mutual solvent system. Data contained in the report include corrosion inhibitor performance in A-Sol, special acid mixtures, maximum temperature limits, and special additives to aid in stimulating formations which produce asphaltic or low gravity crude oil. Well treatment volumes and procedures and treatment results are presented on new completions and re-stimulation attempts.

The Permian CCS Center (http://www.permianbasinccs.org/) was formed in 2009 to provide world class technology transfer, training, and Carbon Capture and Storage (and CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery) expertise. It is one of seven regional organization funded by the DOE through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 for a three year period. The mission of the Permian CCS Center is to impart the needed skill sets to realize CCS Opportunities. The deliverable is "World Class CCS Training for and by Industry Professionals." While the focus is
the Permian basin, the information developed is applicable and available worldwide. The recipients and beneficiaries of the training include not just oil and gas professionals potentially engaged in CCS and CO2 EOR, but the entire community of professionals engaged in some aspect of CCS, including the power generation industry, regulators, environmentalists, legislators, scientists and academics.

The function of a pumping unit is to lift a load comprised of rods and fluid a certain height, then lower the rods and pump back to bottom ready to lift another load of fluid. To many of us it is a rather complicated piece of machinery. When we try to analyze it geometrically and find the meaning of torque factors, work, horsepower, etc., it seems especially difficult and complicated. An attempt will be made to remove some of the confusion surrounding pumping unit calculations by a series of logical steps to show the basis of each calculation.

The landmark paper on beam pumping unit permissible load diagrams was presented in 1960 by Mr. Robert H. Gault (1). A permissible load diagram is simply a plot of the positive gearbox torque rating (converted to pounds of polished rod load), versus polished rod position. This plot is valid for any given counterbalance effect (CBE) and pumping unit. It enables such things as quickly telling whether a given unit is overloaded, comparing different unit geometries, or comparing effects of different CBE levels. Higher water cuts and deeper wells are more common in today's world. To maximize production rates, operations are moving toward longer stroke lengths, larger pump plungers, and higher CBE levels. Negative gearbox torque becomes a factor at higher CBE, and has not been presented in previous literature on permissible loads. This paper presents the permissible envelope, which accounts for both positive and negative gearbox torque rating. Permissible envelopes enable more complete definition of acceptable pumping unit rod loads than has been available in the past.

This paper presents the permissible envelope, which accounts for both positive and negative gearbox torque rating. Permissible envelopes enable more complete definition of acceptable pumping unit rod loads than has been available in the past.

One purpose of obtaining a surface dynamometer card is to learn how well the downhole pump is functioning. Several methods have been used to develop a finite mathematical model of a simplified pumping system to predict or evaluate pump behavior given dynamometer polished rod loads and displacement at the surface. The purpose of these methods was to develop a computerized method of analyzing surface dynamometer cards. The alternative is to evaluate the card by visual inspection, which is very subjective, requires a skilled analyst, and yields results which are strictly qualitative in nature. The work done by Gibbs, in particular, has apparently been successful, considering the expense involved in using or obtaining one of his patented programs.' Otler than the expense, the programs are generally designed for applications with main frame computers, and the development of the equations used in the programs seems to have been left purposefully ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to present a relatively comprehensive and user-friendly program for use with micro-computers based on a finite difference method initially developed by Roy Knapp at the University of Kansas.

Once upon a time there was a land where petroleum and natural gas were abundant. In this land, petroleum and natural gas were both the most convenient fuels and at the same time the least expensive fuels. The people were reasonably happy and the economy prospered because of the abundance of economical fuel and other reasons. The fuel demand grew and grew for this prosperous economy, until the reserves of domestic petroleum and natural gas were inadequate to supply the needs of the economy. For a while, oil was imported without great financial or political difficulty, and few people worried about the future. Then imported oil was denied the people temporarily, its price increased rapidly, and many people became very concerned.

Most petroleum engineers, operating personnel, and management personnel are familiar with the role of banks in commercial lending. Banks have long been involved in the financing of development drilling, workovers, secondary-recovery projects, gasoline plants, acquisitions and many other facets of the oil industry. Another role- that may be new to many operating personnel is the role of bank trust departments in management and operation of oil and gas properties. This is a relatively new segment of the century-old petroleum industry. In the last several years, numerous banks in oil- and gas-producing areas have employed oil-industry specialists to join their trust departments to provide the expertise needed to manage this type of asset. One of the first professional technical persons in this role was a petroleum engineer employed by First National Bank in Dallas about 20 years ago. The Trust Oil Department staff now includes five petroleum engineers, three petroleum landmen, and 19 other land, accounting, and technical-support personnel. These persons are involved in virtually all aspects of management of mineral properties in 26 states. Due to First National's location in the largest oil producing state, the estates of independent oil men provide a large portion of the trust assets, and these estates rate among the Bank's most important business. Approximately 20 percent of the estates and trusts which the bank serves in a fiduciary capacity own some type of mineral interest. Types of ownership include undeveloped mineral interests, royalty interests, outside-operated working interests, and bank-operated working interests. Revenue to the beneficiaries of these trusts and estates is approximately $35,000,000 annually. This revenue exceeds that of many independent oil companies operating in the state of Texas. The fiduciary's interest in the operation of such properties is indicated by the fact that in working interests alone, my bank represents the ownership of 4,500 barrels of oil per day and 45,000 MCF of gas per day. Thus, the bank is a not-so-small "small oil company" when co-owner approvals of development projects, drilling wells, secondary recovery projects, etc. are required. In properties where the bank is a non-operating working interest owner, it acts like what may be described in a company as a joint-interest manager. In management of bank-operated properties, the engineer may serve as a combination reservoir engineer, geological, production and drilling engineer, or he may employ outside consultants when appropriate.

Before exiting the oil patch, I want to provide a partial list of the tools that helped me anticipate, find, define and suggest solutions to petroleum production problems. Educators tell us that if we can fully define a problem, the solution usually becomes readily apparent.

Current interest in miscible enhanced oil recovery methods has led to the use of compositional simulators to understand and predict the performance of such processes. Fluid property considerations are highly important from two standpoints: 1. An essential part of such a simulator is a means of predicting the complex phase equilibria likely to be encountered in such EOR processes. While reliable equations of state have been developed to calculate phase behavior in these processes, most often parameter adjustments are required to properly describe the COZ-reservoir oil systems. These adjustments require experimental data on systems of interest. 2. The evaluation of the physics required in such a simulator depends upon an understanding of the fluid properties that will be encountered. The relative importance of viscous fingering, gravity override, physical dispersion and low interfacial tension effects must be assessed through interpretation of laboratory CO2 coreflood and pilot field studies. This requires an understanding of the phase equilibria encountered in such processes and the ability to make reliable predictions.

Long term chemical and physical performance of aliphatic amine cured fiberglass Tubulars in high pressure super critical application of CO2 in both cyclic and static conditions have been investigated. No physical or chemical degradation was detected at the selected test condition of 2300 PSI and 120_F of carbon dioxide in cyclic or static conditions. Further analysis suggests a slow rate of CO2 penetration into the amine cured epoxy laminate. The failure mechanism model developed and presented here suggest a predictable failure based on stress due to pressure and temperature. The verification of the model presented paves the way for major simplification and cost reduction potentials in future construction and extension of a CO2 WAG Piping Systems.

The Langlie Mattix Pool is located in southeast Lea County, New Mexico, as shown in Fig. 1, and contains approximately 1200 wells drilled on 60,000 acres. Discovered some 30 years ago, it is now essentially depleted of primary oil. Waterflood potential appears excellent and there are at present 10 water injection projects in operation and several more in various stages of development. One of the earliest of these is the Woolworth Unit, operated by Amerada Petroleum Corporation. The Woolworth Unit was formed in late 1962 and began pilot water injection in early 1963. A pilot project was considered essential at that time for the following reasons: (1) The unknown floodability of the reservoir. (2) The lack of reservoir definition (virtually no logs or core analyses). (3) The questionable condition of well bores (open holes shot with nitroglycerine). (4) The nearness of the injection interval to an overlying gas reservoir. The operation of the pilot and unit, performance to date under water injection, and related topics are discussed in the following sections.

August 17, 2006 marked the 10th Anniversary of the Pioneer Natural Resources, Preston Spraberry Unit (PSU) "Best Practices" Failure Reduction Program. This 10 year partnership between Pioneer Natural Resources, Flexbar Inc., Norris Rods, Tommy White Supply and Kel-Tech has resulted in significant reductions in downhole failures and savings in operational costs for Pioneer Natural Resources. The 10 year performance (FPWPY) for this 150 well, PSU "Best Practices" program has resulted in a 94 % reduction in Tubing Leaks, 75 % reduction in Rod Failures and an 80 % reduction in Pump Failures. The 10 year performance (Dollars Saved) for this PSU "Best Practices" 150 well project is estimated at $17.9 million utilizing the 2006 failure costs of $16,000 per Tubing Leak, $9,000 per Rod Failure and $8,000 per Pump Failure. This 10 year savings represents an average of $1.8 Million per year for this 150 well failure reduction program

During the past two and a half years, a new fracturing technique has been developed to selectively place proppant across a well's producing interval. The new technique, termed "pipelining," has been employed in hundreds of wells in the Permian and Delaware basins. This technique utilizes high differential viscosity to selectively place high concentrations of proppant across the well's producing zone. This technique involves specialized design and iterative modeling procedures. In the paper, we will discuss the ongoing improvement of the "pipeline" fracture design and present numerous case histories of various sand members of the Delaware formation throughout Southeastern New Mexico as well as other producing horizons in the Permian Basin. The authors feel that the "pipeline" fracture technique, combined with intense quality control and aggressive forced closure, greatly enhances the ability to selectively place proppant in the pay zone and allows for highly conductive propped fractures for much greater lengths than were heretofore felt possible.

The generally accepted methods of pumping unit selection usually are satisfactory in obtaining the correct sizes of pumping units; however, the average design conditions do not take into consideration such factors as down hole friction, fluid with a gravity greater than one, out of counter-balance conditions, and many others. Each step in the procedure of proper selection is discussed, and the pitfalls which may and can occur are pointed out for examples.

Writing is the keystone of business achievement, yet most of us give little thought to our writing habits. Hurried businessmen are trying to read faster, but few are trying to write simpler. This paper presents a "New Way" for technical writing, based on plain talk and the reader's point of view. Typical examples of rambling and wordy technical writing are shown, together with suggested revisions for easier reading. Checklists for better letters and reports are included, as well as a bibliography of practical references

In recent years salt water disposal has become an integral part of the planning and cost of lease operation in the industry. Because disposal is an additional expense, disposal systems need to be properly designed, equipped and maintained to keep the operating costs reasonable. An efficient and economical disposal system is no "accident"; it should be designed in detail and adequately supervised during installation. Because of the corrosive nature of oil-field waters, the proper selection of materials for the system is very important in keeping the initial cost and replacement costs at a minimum. Continual supervision by experienced personnel is essential in order to insure continuous and efficient operation of the system throughout the life of an oil field.